The atheoretical approach to MMPI development ostensibly enabled the test to capture aspects of human psychopathology that were recognizable and meaningful despite changes in clinical theories. The difference between this approach and other test development strategies used around that time was that it was atheoretical (not based on any particular theory) and thus the initial test was not aligned with the prevailing psychodynamic theories of that time. The original MMPI was developed in 1939 (Groth Marnat, Handbook of Psychological Assessment, 2009) using an empirical keying approach, which means that the clinical scales were derived by selecting items that were endorsed by patients known to have been diagnosed with certain pathologies. The clinician using the MMPI has to pay for materials and for scoring and report services, as well as a charge to install the computerized program. Use of the MMPI is tightly controlled for ethical and financial reasons.
The extended score report also provides scores on the more traditionally used Clinical Scales as well as Content, Supplementary, and other subscales of potential interest to clinicians. The computer scoring programs offer a range of scoring profile choices including the extended score report, which includes data on the newest and most psychometrically advanced scales-the Restructured Clinical Scales (RC scales). Computer scoring programs for the current standardized version, the MMPI-2, are licensed by the University of Minnesota Press to Pearson Assessments and other companies located in different countries. The standardized answer sheets can be hand scored with templates that fit over the answer sheets, but most tests are computer scored. The MMPI is copyrighted by the University of Minnesota. The original authors of the MMPI were Starke R.
The test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is one of the most frequently used personality tests in mental health.
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